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For some time past it has been widelyaccepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的)“drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward” the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement“switched on” a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would“smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.

A．are directly related to pleasure

B．will meet their physical needs

C．will bring them a feeling of success

D．will satisfy their curiosity

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发布时间：2023-02-15

更多“For some time past it has been widelyaccepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do”相关的问题

第1题

"Mummy ! Mummy ! I saw some really big tadpoles （蝌蚪) in the pond （池塘). You've promised

"Mummy ! Mummy ! I saw some really big tadpoles (蝌蚪) in the pond (池塘). You've promised to catch some for us. "Phillip says, following me towards the kitchen. "Some of them have already got legs!" "Yes! We can catch them and watch them turn into frogs!" Geoffrey says suddenly. "Can we go？ Right now？"The telephone has been ringing. I try to get the receiver, but it is too late. It has been cut off.

"Give me a minute to catch my breath. 'I beg. "Put the groceries away. Get some jars out. I'll go change."

We go to the wide pond which lies smooth and still, its surface dotted with pink (粉红色 ) and white lilies (睡莲). Phillip and Geoffrey, laughing and shouting, run to the water's edge. I feel the peace of the place broken by the children. I hope there are no tadpoles so we can leave quickly. There's dinner to cook.

It is quite some time before we have taken the first tadpole to the bank. "The children are wild with joy. Back in the pond we go, and we try hard to catch five more fat ones. We all agree that's enough. The sun has gone down. A frog goes to the opposite shore. It's well past dinner time, bath time and bedtime when we really leave. But none of us thinks of those things. Phillip and Geoffrey are in high spirits, and I am the same because I have done what I should.

Phillip and Geoffrey's voices must be ______.

A．sharp, nervous, tiresome

B．anxious, angry, inspiring

C．soft, sweet, pleasing

D．eager, excited, demanding

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第2题

Dale: （). Would you please tell me the time？Laura: It’s ten past nine.

A.I am sorry

B.I beg your pardon

C.Excuse me

D.Hello, how do you do

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第3题

Passage 5 When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I mi

ght become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family".

Curiously, some twoandahalf years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting" has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “have it all", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.

I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life", and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.

In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle. is a-well-established trend. Downshifting — also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” — has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might betermed anti-consumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting self help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans usefultips on anything from recycling their clingfilm to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid'90s equivalent of dropping out.

For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s, downshifting in the mid'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life — growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one — as a personal recognition of your limitations.

第67题：Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1？

A Fulltime employment is a new international trend.

B The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.

C “A lateral move" means stepping out of fulltime employment.

D The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.

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第4题

I’llstayinShanghaifor____（）

A.sometimes

B.some times

C.some time

D.sometime

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第5题

______（tell)you about it some time before，but I don't remember it now.

______(tell)you about it some time before，but I don't remember it now.

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第6题

Nurse: It is almost time for you to go home.So I would like to give you some （)（)（指导

Nurse: It is almost time for you to go home.So I would like to give you some ()()(指导) on what to do after you retum home.

A.instructions

B.sensation

C.nausea

D.pain

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第7题

Whether in your life or work, the following things are not the reasons for you to feel embarrassed. It’s OK and just move on.

1. Mistakes while learning

There will be times when you have people above you (a boss) or even next to you (a coworker) that will get really annoyed with you for “ruining” something “important”.

36__________ Even if you make mistakes and get a punishment, persevere and push on. You do not need to be embarrassed for learning from your mistakes.

2. Food choices

People are different and have different taste buds (味蕾). Whether it is healthy or not, food is a choice and it is part of life. 37__________ You do not need to be embarrassed for food you do or do not like. Tell them, “It is a personal choice I have made, and I am committed to it.”

3. Your past

Allowing positive experiences to define, limit, improve, and outshine (凸显) you may cause you to be caught up in the past and unable to truly live in the present. Whether your history is positive, negative, or somewhere in between, don’t hold on to the negative experiences and let it reflect your current behavior. 38__________

4. The clean lines of your car / home / workspaceWhen everyone gets in the car, you realize your Starbuck bags are still on the floor. So what Think about it this way: everyone has a “messy” aspect of their life. Maybe their home is completely clean, but the relationship with their spouse (配偶) is messy. Someone’s car gets washed once a week, but his/her work life could use some help.

39__________ We don’t apologize to others about our personal limitations. By being outwardly embarrassed, it only brings more attention to the fact!

5. Putting yourself first

If you find yourself saying no to something or making up lies to get out of it, tell them the truth, and don’t apologize. You will feel much better in the long run if you are honest with them and yourself. If you’re not up to a voluntary duty, you don’t have to be. You can politely refuse the person’s request.

40__________ Put yourself first.

A. It is simply a personal choice that people make for their own reasons.

B. It is okay to be selfish from time to time.

C. Errors are bound to happen when you have on your training wheels.

D. Each of them waits for your immediate help.

E. Let bygones (过去的事) be bygones.

F. Forgetting history means betrayal.

G. No one on Earth lives a perfectly “clean” life in every aspect.

36__________

37

38

39

40

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第8题

Cultures tend to favor either a past, or future orientation with regard to time. A future

orientation, encompassing a preference for change, is characteristic of American culture. The society encourages people to look to the future rather than to the past. Technological, social, and artistic trends change rapidly and affect people's life styles and their relationships.

Given the inclination toward change, it is not surprising that tradition plays a limited role in the American culture. Those who try to uphold traditional pattern of living or thought may be seen as rigid or "old-fashioned". In a society where change is so rapid, it is not uncommon for every generation to experience a "generation gap". Sometimes parents struggle to understand the values of their children, even religious institutions have had to adapt to contemporary need of their followers. Folk singers in church services, women religious leaders, slang versions of the Bible, all reflect attempts made by traditional institutions to "keep up with the times".

High rates of change, particularly in urban areas, have contributed to a focus on the future rather than the past or present. Some Americans believe that the benefits of the future orientation are achievement and progress which enable them to have a high standard of living. Others believe that high blood pressure and stomach ulcers are the results of such a life style.

As individuals in a culture, we all have an intuitive understanding about how time is regulated, usually we do not think about the concept of time until we interact with others who have a different time orientation. Although individuals from any now cultures may view time similarly, we often sense that in another culture, life seems to proceed at either a slower or faster pace. Knowing how time is regulated, divided, and perceived can provide valuable insights into individuals and their culture.

The American orientation toward the future might be demonstrated by ______.

A．the presence of religious institutions

B．the preference for "old-fashioned" parents

C．the limited role of tradition

D．the presence of folk singers in church services

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第9题

For the past two years, I have been working on students' evaluation of classroom teaching.

I have kept a record of informal conversations【56】some 300 students from at【57】twenty-one colleges and universities. The students were generally【58】and direct in their comments【59】how course work could be better【60】Most of their remarks were kindly【61】—with tolerance rather than bitterness—and frequently were softened by the【62】that the students were speaking【63】some, not all instructors. Nevertheless,【64】the following suggestions and comments indicate, students feel【65】with things as they are in the classroom.

Professors should be【66】from reading lecture notes. " It makes their【67】monotonous

If they are going to read, why not【68】out copies of the lecture？ Then we【69】need to go to class. Professors should【70】repeating lectures material that is in the textbook.【71】we've read the material, we want to【72】it or hear it elaborated on,【73】repeated. "A lot of students hate to buy a【74】text that the professor has written【75】to have his lectures repeat it.

(56)

A．involving

B．counting

C．covering

D．figuring

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第10题

Somepeoplehateeverythingthatismodern.Theycannotimaginehowanyonecanreallylikemodernmusic;th

Some people hate everything that is modern. They cannot imagine how anyone can really like modern music; they

find it hard to accept the new fashions in clothing; they think that all modern painting is ugly; and they seldom

have a good word for the new buildings that are being built everywhere in the world. Such people look for

perfection in everything, and they take their standards of perfection from the past. They are usually impatient

with anyone who is brave enough to experiment with new or to express himself or the age in materials original

ways. It is, of course, true that many artists do not succeed in their work and instead produce works that can

only be considered as failures. If the work of art is a painting, the artist’s failure concerns himself alone, but if

it is a building, his failure concerns others too, because it may damage the beauty of the whole place. This does

sometimes happen, but it is completely untrue to say, as some people do, that modern architecture is nothing.

We can’t judge every modern building by the standards of the ancient time, even though we admire the ancient

buildings. Technologically, the modern buildings are more advanced. The modern architect knows he should learn

from the ancient works, but with his greater resources of knowledge and materials, he will never be content to

imitate the past. He is too proud to do that.

Some people hate everything that is modern because _______.

A. they are aged

B. they find it hard to accept modern things

C. they take their standards of perfection from the Greek

D. they look at things by the standards of the past

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第11题

Sometimes teens need to have some time away from their families. They may want' to move ou

t of the family home for a while.

Many parents will say no to this demand. But experts say it might be a good idea to let your teens live with a friend or relative.

"It was the break I needed at the time," said Richard Lerner. He is talking about the time he spent living with his grandmother when he was 15.

"It allowed me to be a different person than I was with my parents." Lerner said. He now heads the Institute for Children, Youth and Families at Michigan State University.

Experts say teens living away from their families can test new ways of thinking and getting along with people. They may see new solutions (解答) to problems.

This is different from running away, the experts stress. Runaways are often fleeing serious problems.

Some teens who want some time away from family attend a structured summer program. Others live for a while with a relative or with the family of a friend.

If there is conflict (冲突) at home, having a teen live elsewhere can benefit other family members. It gives everyone space to develop better relationships.

Joseph Kett teaches history at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. He says living at home until the late teen years has become the norm (准则) only in recent times.

"In the 17th century, children were often sent to live in other people's homes when they were about 10 or 11," he said.

Peter Sheras teaches education at the University of Virginia. He said parents should listen when a child wants to move out. They should try to find out why the child wants some time away.

Often, parents can help the child find a safe place to stay during that time. In other cases, they can meet the child's needs at home.

According to this passage, many parents think it ______ for their children to live away from them.

A．right

B．happy

C．unsafe

D．reasonable

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